The original version of the same problem first appeared in the work of David Hume in 1738. Different name, same problem.
Yes, the real problem is that nobody is looking for the whole elephant.
The new paradigm begins from the same impulse that gave rise to modern science in the first place: the wish to understand reality as a single, intelligible whole. The difference is that this time, instead of just collecting ever more fragments, we must look for principles that can make the fragments fit together. The central example of what this is the relationship between quantum mechanics and consciousness. I will start with a relatively unproblematic claim: that quantum wavefunction collapse and consciousness are both processes. More controversially, there are five notable similarities between them.
1: Both have proved extremely difficult for scientists to pin down, define and test.
2: As a result of (1), a significant number of scientists have controversially concluded that they don’t actually exist (resulting in the Many Worlds Interpretation and Eliminative Materialism respectively).
3: Wavefunction collapse is typically described as being triggered by an “observation” or “measurement”. Consciousness is the internal subjective experience of some kind of external reality. Therefore, both processes fundamentally involve a relationship between a subjective entity (an observer or a conscious subject) and an external, objective reality.
4: Wave-function collapse is famously non-local: the collapse at one location instantaneously affects the entire wave function, no matter how far it is spread across space. Consciousness is equally resistant to strict localisation: there is no single “seat” or moment where a unified field of experience arises; it emerges all at once from processes distributed across the brain (and, I will argue, beyond it). Both phenomena refuse to be restricted to a classical space-time point; both demand a fundamentally holistic description.
5: Consciousness involves the modelling of a mind-external reality, and assigning value to the various possible futures in order to select a best option. Wavefunction collapse involves the reduction of a set of unobserved physically possible outcomes into a single observed actual outcome. Therefore, both processes involve the transition between a range of possible futures or histories, and a single observed outcome in the present.
Now the difference between the old paradigm and the new can be made clear. The old paradigm approach to this is to examine each claim individually, demand irrefutable empirical justification, and consider the alternative explanations which are available. This is likely to result in the rejection of all five, not because of any clear justification for ruling them out, but for inconclusive reasons: there are too many competing theories (some of which are more to our personal taste), empirical confirmation is complicated, elusive or impossible, and the whole thing feels like woo. And anyway, correlations aren’t evidence of causation, so even if we accept that there really are five structural similarities, it doesn’t prove anything. There the discussion will be extinguished, no new thinking will take place, and we can all go back to our comfortable lack of a coherent model of reality.
The new paradigm takes the opposite approach: instead of breaking things down, it tries to integrate them into a bigger picture. First it takes seriously the idea that instead of being unrelated processes which just happen to share five similarities, consciousness and wavefunction collapse could be two different descriptions of a single process. Perhaps consciousness is the internal, subjective (“view from somewhere”) and wavefunction collapse is the external, objective (“view from nowhere”). Then it tries to figure out how this might actually work, not just physically but metaphysically. If a coherent and elegant synthesis starts emerging, then the old paradigm will insist on empirical verification of the synthesis itself, preferably involving shiny new mathematics, before any more integrative thinking is attempted. The new one zooms even further out: it asks how the proposed synthesis might be related to other major problems, especially those in cosmology. For example, could such a model help us to understand why we can’t quantise gravity, or shed any light on the Hubble Tension or the Cosmological Constant Problem? The old paradigm forbids this approach**3**. It actively resists it, places obstacles in its path and tells us that this is the only way science has ever progressed. It insists that every proposed piece of the Big Puzzle must be empirically verified before we can even start to imagine how the pieces might fit together. This is why it so rarely succeeds in even fitting two pieces together, and why it has about as much chance of delivering a grand synthesis as it does of finding a pot of gold at the end of a rainbow. The new paradigm simply asks what kind of whole could make sense of the pieces we already have. All of them. Not just the ones that that don’t challenge our own assumptions and belief systems.