Consciousness As Presence : Wolfgang Fasching

Wolfgang Fasching captures what I think we “want to say” but mostly “can’t find the words for.”

The reason why I cannot find my consciousness as a phenomenon of its own in addition to what I am conscious of is simply that consciousness is just this: consciousness. It does not consist of any contents of consciousness– some inner pictures, feelings or the like– but is precisely consciousness of whatever contents I am conscious of, i.e. it is my being aware of them. And to be conscious of some content means nothing other than that this content is there for me. Consciousness is the presence-for-me of whatever I am conscious of.

Let me isolate the thesis.

Consciousness is the presence-for-me of whatever I am conscious of.

Consciousness is the presence of what is present for me, not what is present for me.

I suggest that this is what we “want to say.” If we want to say this, you might ask, then why don’t we ? Because we inherit a tendency to think in terms of stuff. Even the word “presence,” because it is a noun, will perhaps be understood as a special kind of stuff.

But let’s look at life for a moment. I helped my mother move some furniture today.I believe she is “conscious” or “has consciousness.” Is what I informally and vaguely intend by “my mother is conscious” to be found in “she has an immaterial stuff in her head” ?

Or do I mean that the same world that is “there for me” is also “there for her” ? That the same couch was “present” for both of us today, albeit from our individual “points of view” ?

In other words, the same world has a for-me-ness in my case and a for-her-ness in hers. That’s how I read Fasching.

When I am asked,“Show me your consciousness”, I do not know where to point: Among all the objects in the world that are there for me, my consciousness is not to be found– it is the thereness-for-me of all these objects, and this very thereness is not a part of the world that is there for me… When I imagine another person’s consciousness I do not bring it before me as some kind of object in the world appearing to me, but put myself, by “reproducing” her consciousness, in the other’s position, i.e. I imagine it as itself being world-presence. And this means that what we are actually doing when we imagine the other’s consciousness is to imagine other contents of consciousness,“the world as seen from over there (from the perspective of this person)”. To imagine other consciousness is always to imagine the world as given differently, never to imagine it as some item within the appearing world.

I agree with Fasching, and I think this approach to the issue is a key that unlocks many doors. But let me stress that “consciousness is presence” is a statement about “phenomenal consciousness.” Many use “consciousness” for something like intelligence. Fasching, in my view, is getting at the “deepest” use of the sign “consciousness,” the one connected to the question “Can this entity suffer ?” Note that this question about suffering is also a question about “quality.” The entity suffers because of the “quality” of the world that is present.

So I’ll end by suggesting that “presence” and “quality” and even “being” — in the context of the ontological difference – are “pointers in the same direction.” Not to stuff of any kind but to the “there-ness” of every kind of stuff.

I like this very much. I will try to read and understand this. I don’t know how successful I’ll be. Heh. Consciousness is not a thing of any sort. There is no consciousness when we are not conscious of something. And when we are conscious of something, that thing is not our consciousness.

“….. The thought that these representations given in intuition all together belong to me means, accordingly, the same as that I unite them in a self-consciousness, or at least can unite them therein, and although it is itself not yet the consciousness of the synthesis of the representations, it still presupposes the possibility of the latter, i.e., only because I can comprehend their manifold in a consciousness do I call them all together my representations; for otherwise I would have as multicolored, diverse a self as I have representations of which I am conscious…..”
(Kant, CPR, B134, 1787)

It never was the content of consciousness, which implies a quantity for the subject, but the unity of all of whatever the content may be, the “there-ness”, which is a quality of the subject.

The more things change, the more they stay the same.

Good stuff, thanks, I’ll have to catch up on Fasching.

A couple of questions:

Do you think Fasching’s view is essentially that of Sartre, as expressed in The Transcendence of the Ego?

Deep meditation practices can reveal consciousness as “a phenomenon of its own,” or so it is claimed. Would Fasching have to argue that this is a misperception, a mistake?

I would go further. According to Husserl, consciousness isn’t just about something, it is a synthetic act, a creative activity which constitutes its object. It is the process of constitution.

Right, my consciousness is not the object that I’m conscious of. But what is achieved by saying that the consciousness has presence or is-ness?

Some conscious states are satisfied by brain activity, others require sense-organs and a background with objects of which you can be conscious of. Where is the presence or is-ness in cases such as visual experiences?

Thank you !

I agree on all three points. The third point is tricky, because the sign “consciousness” is something that is present, the we can be conscious of. But this sign is a “pointer,” not a label on some immaterial eternal essence. In my view, a traditional understanding of meaning gets in the way of grokking what Fasching is trying to say ( trying to point at.)

I agree with Kant that experiences are “mine” in “performed conceptual terms” because of the living institution of the “subject” as part of the “forum.” There is no talk/performance of “me” and of “my views” except in a larger context of talk/performance of others and their views. I’d call this “self-consciousness” as an aspect of “forum consciousness.”

I’d that the there-ness is the “presence” or “quality” of the world which includes the empirical subject. The empirical subject is an entity in the world, entangled with the performed normative-rational subject, also an entity in the world, though more abstract and linguistic.

AFAIK, Kant didn’t touch on the point that I take Fasching to be making.

Note that you aren’t paraphrasing what I said. Consciousness, is this context, is not a thing that can “have” other things. “Is-ness” is not intended as the name of a stuff, despite the noun.

The point is a pointing. In a philosophical context, this pointing, if successful, dissolves a doomed traditional approach to making sense of the way we share the world in terms of an “internal” stuff.

The biggest make philosophers ever made was perhaps putting the world in its fullness, as “experienced,” inside a “bubble” of mediating icons. Along with this vision goes an understanding of signs as vessels containing the same kind of mind-stuff.

If I am having “the visual experience” of a tree, then that tree is “present in its quality.” There is a green thing “before me.” But the “for-me-ness” is typically tacit in which “aspect” of the tree is manifest. I see this side or that side, never all sides at once.

I’m glad you joined this discussion !

Husserl’s approach is reasonable, but for me the Fasching approach, which I prefer, avoids treating consciousness as an explanatory entity. For consciousness to “constitutive” something, it has to play a pejoratively metaphysical role in a kind of “spiritual physics.”

On the other hand, I see why Husserl as tempted to use such language. He wants to say that the lifeworld is the real world. He escapes the typical naive fetishism of the scientific image as a “skeletal substrate.”

“Creative activity” makes more sense to me in psychology. One could investigate how the world’s manifestation is correlated with the subject’s physiology or culture. Mach discusses the more physiological approach in The Analysis of Sensations. Gadamer looks into what might be called the “cultural constitution” of the object-as-given in terms of “prejudice” or “projection.” Knowledge of the object, a text perhaps, is always also self-knowledge.

In Truth and Method, Gadamer redeploys the notion of our prior hermeneutical situatedness as it is worked out in more particular fashion in Heidegger’s Being and Time (first published in 1927) in terms of the ‘fore-structures’ of understanding, that is, in terms of the anticipatory structures that allow what is to be interpreted or understood to be grasped in a preliminary fashion. The fact that understanding operates by means of such anticipatory structures means that understanding always involves what Gadamer terms the ‘anticipation of completeness’—it always involves the revisable presupposition that what is to be understood constitutes something that is understandable, that is, something that is constituted as a coherent, and therefore meaningful, whole.

Gadamer’s positive conception of prejudice as pre-judgment is connected with several ideas in his approach to hermeneutics. The way in which our prejudgments open us up to the matter at issue in such a way that those prejudgments are themselves capable of being revised exhibits the character of the Gadamerian conception of prejudgment, and its role in understanding, as itself constituting a version of the hermeneutic circle.

The prejudicial character of understanding means that, whenever we understand, we are necessarily involved in a dialogue that encompasses both our own self-understanding and our understanding of the matter at issue (and there is, it should be added, an essential alterity that obtains even in those cases where our engagement is primarily textual). In the dialogue of understanding our prejudices come to the fore, both inasmuch as they play a crucial role in opening up what is to be understood, and inasmuch as they themselves become evident in that process. As our prejudices thereby become apparent to us, so they can also become the focus of questioning in their own turn.

source

Perhaps you can develop or unfold this ?

From a brief review, I think Fasching is writing from the intersection of Continental and Indian philosophy. You can find an index of his papers here. Notice that they’re nearly all about Advaita Vedanta (for example ‘On the Identification of Being and Consciousness in Advaita Vedānta’ and ‘On the Ātman Thesis Concerning Fundamental Reality’ — the latter, incidentally, published in The Monist, which also published many of C.S. Peirce’s later idealist articles.) Phenomenology, with its emphasis on the recovery of the primacy of lived experience, naturally resonates with the principles of ‘mindful awareness’ found in both Buddhist and Hindu non-dualism. There are also convergences with Heidegger’s ‘alatheia’ in all of this, although Heidegger was always at pains to differentiate his approach from Indian philosophy, even while recognising some similarities.

Of course! That is natural to us, we are (to pick up on a bit of current analytical philosophy jargon) very much object-oriented critters. The whole idea of consciousness turning back on itself, understanding its own nature, metanoia, is anathema to most analytical philosophers. They’re action men, right! Give me an objective problem, and I’ll wrangle it for you.

Fasching is much more my cup-of-tea. I’m very interested in this emerging school of thought which blends phenomenology and nondualism.

Fasching engages quite a lot with Dan Zahavi, and their differences are revealing. Zahavi is closely involved with enactivist writers, and although he distances himself from their efforts to naturalize transcendental phenomenology, he supports their treatment of consciousness as a site of self-transformation. I think he would critique Fasching’s approach by arguing that manifestation can’t be cleanly separated from embodied and practical life. For him consciousness is inseparable from situated activity and relational engagement. By contrast, Fasching reifies transcendental openness into a quasi-absolute structure standing above lived praxis.

In other words, from Vedanta, Fasching probably imports the orientation towards mokṣa, ‘liberation from māyā’’ – for which there is no real analog in Continental philosophy, as it is fundamentally a religious orientation, not a way of adjusting to or accomodating secular culture.

Indeed. I have read three or four over the last couple of years. I discovered Fashing because I “understood consciousness as being” through a study of other thinkers, but with significant help from Mach. I found the first, ‘ontological’ chapter of The Analysis of Sensations in an anthology, and I was prepared and able to ‘hear it.’

Indeed. I suggest that “being is time is consciousness” is the basic idea of Heidegger. Of course, as Hegel would emphasize, that “result” is useless alone. The signs involved take on a different “meaning” ( aspect ) as one proceeds in the inquiry.

I was surprised, though, when I went back to the foundational texts of logical positivism. Even Ayer is a bold phenomenalist in his famous LTL. He defends Berkeley as misunderstood.

Nor is it fair to regard Berkeley as a metaphysician. For he did not, in.fact, deny the reality of material things, as we are still too commonly told. What he denied was the adequacy of Locke’s analysis of the notion of a material thing. He maintained that to say of various “ideas of sensation” that they belonged to a single material thing was not, as Locke thought, to say that they were related to a single unobservable underlying “somewhat,” but rather that they stood in certain relations to one another. And in this he was right. Admittedly he made the mistake of supposing that what was immediately given in sensation was necessarily mental; and the use, by him and by Locke, of the word “idea” to denote an element in that which is sensibly given is objectionable, because it suggests this false view.

Accordingly we replace the word “idea” in this usage by the neutral word “sense-content,” which we shall use to refer to the immediate data not merely of “outer” but also of “introspective” sensation, and say that what Berkeley discovered was that material things must be definable in terms of sense-contents. We shall see, when we come finally to settle the conflict between idealism and realism, that his actual conception of the relationship between material things and sense-contents was not altogether accurate. It led him to some notoriously paradoxical conclusions, which a slight emendation will enable us to avoid.

But the fact that he failed to give a completely correct account of the way in which material things are constituted out of sense-contents does not invalidate his contention that they are so constituted. On the contrary, we know that it must be possible to define material things in terms of sense-contents, because it is only by the occurrence of certain sense-contents that the existence of any material thing can ever be in the least degree verified. And thus we see that we have not to enquire whether a phenomenalist “theory of perception” or some other sort of theory is correct, but only what form of phenomenalist theory is correct.

There’s a great deal of difference between phenomenology and phenomenalism. And yes, Berkeley is always classified as an empiricist philosopher, which used to strike me as odd, but I came to understand it just as Ayer presents it there. But do notice, after granting that Berkeley is correct in denying Locke’s representative realism, that Ayer still says Berkeley was mistaken in some basic sense.

Logical positivism, and positivism generally, is deeply hostile to anything that smells of metaphysics. They would likely apply that to Fasching’s Advaitist leanings as well.

I can’t agree. Or it’s not so simple. From Moran we learn the following:

Husserl enrolled in the University of Leipzig that autumn, and for the next three semesters attended lectures in mathematics, physics and astronomy. He took philosophy lectures from the renowned philosopher and psychologist Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), lectures that, at the time, made little impression. However, encouraged by another philosophy student, Thomas Masaryk (1850-1937), he began reading the British empiricists, especially Berkeley, who held a lifelong fascination for him.

Evidence has to be construed as correlated with givenness. Following the empirical tradition of Aristotle (as revived by Brentano), Berkeley and Hume, Husserl maintains that knowledge begins from experience: ‘living is … in a certain sense, an experiencing.’ Evidence is experience.

As we have seen, Husserl, who was both familiar with and deeply impressed by Berkeley (as we know from the Second Logical Investigation), always denied that he was advocating a subjective or Berkeleian idealism (see Ideen I §55), since such idealism involves an ‘absolutizing’ of the world that actually turns the sense of world into a ‘counter-sense’ (Widersinn). Similarly, he denied that he was advocating the ‘dissolution’ (Aufliisung) of the world to a stream of appearances (EP I; Hua 7: 246) or treating the world as a ‘fiction’. There really is a ‘being in itself’ (An-sich-sein) of the world and indeed of all objectivities. The point is to grasp how this being in itself arises; how does it get its sense (5: 152)? Husserl believes he has determined the correct sense of world: the world only has the sense of something that has received its ‘sense bestowal’ (Sinngebung) from consciousness. First reality is absolute consciousness. But there is no question of the world being ‘swallowed up’ (verschlingt; Krisis §53, p. 180; Hua 6: 183) in the subject. The next step is to grasp how the subject can both constitute itself and the world and also be a contingently occurring object within the world, among a plurality of other objectivations of transcendental egos. This transcendental intersubjectivity, for Husserl, is the deepest problem of transcendental philosophy.

Husserl saw himself as engaging in fundamental investigations of meaning or ‘sense investigations’ (Besinnungen) of a most radical kind; he was struggling at the very base of the structures of meaning, but the structures which gave rise to meaningful acts of cognition and those structures which belonged to the essence of meaning itself in all its forms. In this respect, i.e. in the area of sense-clarification, even the most rigorous mathematical science is not better placed than common experience (IP, p. 21; Hua 2: 25). Philosophical reflection is a new kind of reflection. It is not meant to complete the task of the sciences but to enter into radical thinking of an entirely different kind. Nevertheless, he took over many tendencies from previous philosophy and gave them his own peculiar stamp. He rejected metaphysical speculation and construction, and drew on the older British Empiricist tradition of Berkeley and Hume, and its revived form in Mill and Brentano, as well as the positivism of the French thinker Auguste Comte (1798-1858). He always admired the rationalists, especially Leibniz, but also saw deficiencies in their approach. He was a lifelong critic of all forms of philosophical irrationalism and anti-scientism. To that extent he was a natural ally of empiricism and logical positivism, whose basic positions he sought to reformulate in a coherent way. In Ideen I, he even calls himself a ‘positivist’: ‘If “positivism” is tantamount to an absolutely unprejudiced grounding of all sciences on the “positive,” that is to say, on what can be seized upon originaliter, then we are the genuine positivists’ (Ideen I, §20, p. 39; Hua 3/1: 38).

From another source, we get:

In order for me to be able to put myself into someone else’s shoes and simulate his (or her) perspective upon his surrounding spatio-temporal world, I cannot but assume that this world coincides with my own, at least to a large extent; although the aspects under which the other subject represents the world must be different, as they depend on his own egocentric viewpoint. Hence, I must presuppose that the spatio-temporal objects forming my own world exist independently of my subjective perspective and the particular experiences I perform; they must, in other words, be conceived of as part of an objective reality. This result fits in well with—in fact, it serves to explain—Husserl’s view, already stressed in Ideas, that perceptual objects are “transcendent” in that at any given moment they display an inexhaustive number of unperceived (and largely even unexpected) features, only some of which will become manifest—will be intuitively presented—in the further course of observation.

However, according to Husserl this does not mean that the objective world thus constituted in intersubjective experience is to be regarded as completely independent of the aspects under which we represent the world. For on his view another condition for the possibility of intersubjective experience is precisely the assumption that by and large the other subject structures the world into objects in the same style I myself do. It is for this reason that Husserl can be said to adhere to a version of both “realism” and “idealism” at the same time.

Compare this to J. S. Mill:

I see a piece of white paper on a table. I go into another room e. If the phenomenon always followed me, or if, when it did not follow me, I believed it to disappear, I should not believe it to be an external object. I should consider it as a phantom — a mere affection of my senses: I should not believe that there had been any Body there.

But, though I have ceased to see it, I am persuaded that the paper is still there. I no longer have the sensations which it gave me; but I believe that when I again place myself in the circumstances in which I had those sensations, that is, when I go again into the room, I shall again have them; and further, that there has been no intervening moment at which this would not have been the case.

Owing to this property of my mind, my conception of the world at any given instant consists, in only a small proportion, of present sensations. Of these I may at the time have none at all, and they are in any case a most insignificant portion of the whole which I apprehend. The conception I form of the world existing at any moment, comprises, along with the sensations I am feeling, a countless variety of possibilities of sensation: namely, the whole of those which past observation tells me that I could, under any supposable circumstances, experience at this moment, together with an indefinite and illimitable multitude of others which though I do not know that I could, yet it is possible that I might, experience in circumstances not known to me. These various possibilities are the important thing to me in the world. My present sensations are generally of little importance, and are moreover fugitive: the possibilities, on the contrary, are permanent, which is the character that mainly distinguishes our idea of Substance or Matter from our notion of sensation.

The whole set of sensations as possible, form a permanent background to any one or more of them that are, at a given moment, actual; and the possibilities are conceived as standing to the actual sensations in the relation of a cause to its effects, or of canvas to the figures painted on it, or of a root to the trunk, leaves, and flowers, or of a substratum to that which is spread over it, or, in transcendental language, of Matter to Form.

But though the sensations cease, the possibilities remain in existence; they are independent of our will, our presence, and everything which belongs to us. We find, too, that they belong as much to other human or sentient beings as to ourselves. We find other people grounding their expectations and conduct upon the same permanent possibilities on which we ground ours. But we do not find them experiencing the same actual sensations. Other people do not have our sensations exactly when and as we have them: but they have our possibilities of sensation; whatever indicates a present possibility of sensations to ourselves, indicates a present possibility of similar sensations to them, except so far as their organs of sensation may vary from the type of ours. This puts the final seal to our conception of the groups of possibilities as the fundamental reality in Nature. The permanent possibilities are common to us and to our fellow-creatures; the actual sensations are not. That which other people become aware of when, and on the same grounds, as I do, seems more real to me than that which they do not know of unless I tell them. The world of Possible Sensations succeeding one another according to laws, is as much in other beings as itis in me; it has therefore an existence outside me; it is an External World.

The problem with Mill is that he feels the need to use “sensation” to get himself understood, and “sensations” are traditionally understood as internal psychical entities. So Mill’s explication of what we mean by “the external world” is misappropriated as the claim that the world is made out of “mind stuff.” Ayer and Mach are more careful to emphasize the neutrality of “the given.” The term “sense-data,” as I read it, is a gesture at “present or immediate quality.” For instance, the red apple is present as an apple in its redness and roundness. No particular passing sensation-perception of the apple “is” the apple, but the “real apple” is not hidden behind all possible and actual sensations but is instead their open, ideal unity — their logical-temporal-interpersonal synthesis. This is how time is entangled with being. All presence includes absence. Each aspect occludes all others. The apple is never fully present. Instead only a “moment” ( aspect) of the apple is present. Time shows by hiding, or rather time is a showing that includes hiding.

Another source:

Husserlian metaphysics is indeed a form of phenomenalism, although we must be careful to distinguish Husserlian from Berkeleian or subjectivist phenomenalism. This is a distinction that is too quickly brushed aside by Philipse. Husserl, I will argue, did indeed hold that there is no reality “behind” or “beneath” the phenomenal stream (= ontological phenomenalism), yet this does not entail that all things exist “inside the mind” (be it of man, God, or transcendental subjectivity), as opposed to “out there” in the world. Rather, the phenomenal stream precedes the subject-object (or mind-world) dichotomy, and thus it is misleading to categorize it without qualification as subjective (or mental or immanent). It is precisely this inside-outside dichotomy that transcendental phenomenology attempts to undercut by positing the ontological primacy of the phenomenal stream.

Husserl was an ontological phenomenalist, but of a more radical type than Berkeley,
in that he did not situate phenomenality inside the mind, but rather defined the
“mind” or “subjectivity” as a property of phenomenality (section 4). It is not the
mind, properly speaking, that is ontologically ultimate in Husserl, but phenomenality
itself. Thus, ontological phenomenalism, in the sense that I will here define and
ascribe to Husserl, is committed only to the thesis that there is no other reality than
phenomenal reality (by contrast with epistemological phenomenalism, which is
committed to the weaker, skeptical claim that we can only ever know anything about
phenomenal reality, as opposed to a trans-phenomenal or noumenal reality).

The main reason Husserl rejects phenomenalism is that he associates the term with thinkers such as Berkeley, Hume, and Mach, all three the heirs of Locke’s “data- sensualism.” As Zahavi rightly points out, “Husserl vehemently criticizes the view that the intentional object can be reduced to a complex of sensations” (2003, 69; see also Zahavi 2017, 37-41 and 99-100; see Husserl LI V, §7 (1 st edition) and 2014, §55; I will return to this claim shortly). However, as stated earlier, it is entirely possible to conceive the phenomenal in a non-sensualist manner. Ontological phenomenalism is committed only to the assertion that being and phenomenon are identical, and there is no doubt that Husserl held this thesis, which is in fact nothing other than phenomenology’s fundamental axiom, as Fink stated above. Indeed, if the equivalence between being and phenomenality did not hold, there would exist a region of being outside of the reach of phenomenology, which could thus no longer aspire to be a “universal science.” As to whether phenomenality can ultimately be reduced to complexes of atomized sensations that combine according to associative laws, as the sensualists believe, or if it rather has an irreducibly hylomorphic nature, being animated through and through by something like an instinctive intentionality (Triebintentionalität), as the post-genetic-turn Husserl will effectively assert (Bégout 2006; Bower 2015), this is a secondary matter that is left undecided by the core phenomenalist thesis. Phenomenalism is thus not necessarily a sensualism, but it is necessarily an immaterialism in the Berkeleian sense, to the extent that it is defined principally by its opposition to the idea of an independent substrate lying “behind” or “beneath” the phenomenal. If Husserl explicitly rejects the first, sensualist thesis by Berkeley, nothing opposes him to the second, immaterialist one. Far from it, the post- transcendental-turn Husserl, as we have seen, explicitly denied the existence of a trans-phenomenal being, thus agreeing with Berkeley that the concept of a Ding an sich is pure nonsense (unless it is reinterpreted as an Idea in the Kantian sense).

Finally a passage from a Husserl manuscript, quoted in the same paper:

Consciousness, and this is the fundamental error constituting the ultimate error of
psychologism (an error to which not only all empiricists succumb but all rationalists
as well), is not a psychical experience, not a network of psychical experiences, not
a thing, not an appendage (state, action) to a natural object. Who will save us from
the reification of consciousness? He would be the saviour of philosophy, indeed,
the creator of philosophy.

This is a delicate issue ! Of course there is plenty of culture-war bias in the world, and this bias tends toward the neglect of the actual texts and their replacement by caricatures. Schlick, the papa of the gang, adored the Wittgenstein who gave us quasi-Vedantic nuggets like

The world and life are one. … I am my world. (The microcosm.)… The thinking, presenting subject; there is no such thing.

That was the point I was making.

And Wittgenstein is often claimed by the Vienna Circle positivitsts as being their source and inspiration, but he declined to visit them and did not endorse their activities. See Wittgenstein, Tolstoy and the Folly of Logical Positivism, originally published by the British Wittgenstein Society.

The positivists, and the British empiricists generally were pretty much exclusively oriented in respect of what they would consider to be objective fact. Hence their allegiance with scientific method and verificationism. Positivism, as you well know, was a term coined by Comte to distinguish the 'scientific ’ stage of cultural development from the earlier mythical and metaphysical stages. None of which has anything much to do with Husserl, who’s Crisis of the Western Sciences was a deep and detailed criticism of the baneful consequences of positivism on the European psyché.

More from Wolfgang’s paper:

Whilst being what makes any objects whatsoever manifest, consciousness can never itself be made an object, for, as Ram-Prasad fittingly states, “[W]hatever is seen, consciousness is not seen, since it is always and only the seeing” (Ram-Prasad 2007, 98; cf. Gupta 1998, 99). Nevertheless, its presence is indubitably and immediately established, since it is the undeniable basis of our knowing anything at all. As the Advaitin Vidyāraṇya says: “As it is shameful for a man to express doubt if he has a tongue or not, so also it is shameful to say, ‘I do not know what consciousness is’” (1967, III.20). It is the ever-nonobjective ground of any objects coming to appearance (including ourselves qua empirical persons together with our mental states).

Compare with an online translation of the Brihadaranyaka Upaniṣad, in which the sage Yājñavalkya is asked to explain ātman to the questioner. Here he describes the impossibility of meeting that request:

Yājñavalkya says: “You tell me that I have to point out the Self as if it is a cow or a horse. Not possible! It is not an object like a horse or a cow. I cannot say, ‘here is the Ātman; here is the Self’. It is not possible because—na dṛṣṭer draṣṭāram paśyeḥ—you cannot see the seer of seeing. The seer can see that which is other than the Seer, or the act of seeing. An object outside the seer can be beheld by the seer. How can the seer see himself? How is it possible? Na dṛṣṭer draṣṭāram paśyeḥ: You cannot see the seer of seeing. Na śruter śrotāraṁ śṛṇuyāḥ: You cannot hear the hearer of hearing. Na mater mantāraṁ manvīthāḥ: You cannot think the Thinker of thinking. Na vijñāter vijñātāraṁ vijānīyāḥ: You cannot understand the Understander of understanding. Eṣa ta ātmā sarvāntaraḥ: That is the Ātman.”

Nobody can know the Ātman inasmuch as the Ātman is the Knower of all things. So, no question regarding the Ātman can be put, such as "What is the Ātman?’ ‘Show it to me’, etc. You cannot show the Ātman because the Shower is the Ātman; the Experiencer is the Ātman; the Seer is the Ātman; the Functioner in every respect through the senses or the mind or the intellect is the Ātman. As the basic Residue of Reality in every individual is the Ātman, how can we go behind It and say, ‘This is the Ātman?’ Therefore, the question is impertinent and inadmissible. The reason is clear. It is the Self. It is not an object – na vijñāter vijñātāraṁ vijānīyāḥ, eṣa ta ātmā sarvāntaraḥ.

Ato’nyad ārtam: “Everything other than the Ātman is stupid; it is useless; it is good for nothing; it has no value; it is lifeless. Everything assumes a meaning because of the operation of this Ātman in everything. Minus that, nothing has any sense—ato’nyad ārtam.Tato ha uṣastas cākrāyaṇa upararāma. Then Uṣasta Cākrāyana, the questioner kept quiet. He understood the point and did not speak further ~ > Source Text, translation Swami Krishnananda.